Climate change, rapid growth of the global population, and limitations in agricultural resources are major challenges to food security. Ensuring food security on a global scale requires a substantial increase in crop yield. Genetic variability and desired traits exploration through genomic research and breeding techniques offer promising pathways for developing crops adapted to climate variations. This all-encompassing examination delves into the dynamic relationship between climate change and agriculture, underscoring the significance of climate-smart practices to address concerns about food security. The investigation encompasses both conventional and genomic breeding methodologies, incorporating Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS), Omics-Led Breeding (OLB), and Genome Selection (GS), as well as the revolutionary CRISPR/Cas9 system for precise manipulation of genomes. By integrating these ingenious strategies, the foundation is established for cultivating climate-resilient crops that effectively mitigate the adverse impact of climate change on agriculture.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Climate change and its association with agriculture is of considerable importance due to their interdependence and reciprocal impacts on each other. Climate change has been found to have both direct and indirect impacts on the agricultural sector, leading to unfavorable consequences. The significant influence of climate fluctuations and changes on food self-sufficiency and security cannot be overstated. While climate change does pose a threat to crop yield, it is crucial to recognize that this phenomenon also presents noteworthy opportunities for enhancement (Thuiller, 2007). The main goal of global agricultural and forestry systems is to ensure food security by cultivating high-yield crops that can adequately meet the projected demands of the worldwide human population. Over the past few decades, there has been a notable decrease in agricultural productivity attributed to the impacts of climate change.

Within the agricultural domain lie a diverse array of hindrances, encompassing factors such as the expansion of human populations, fluctuations in climatic patterns, malnutrition-related issues, poverty, hunger, and numerous other stress-inducing factors. Overcoming these challenges becomes increasingly onerous in the absence of integrating genetic enhancements into plants, which serve to boost agricultural output and effectively address concerns pertaining to yield reduction, pest control, and interactions with climate change. Therefore, it is imperative for the agricultural sector to undergo a significant transformation in order to effectively address the increasing demands of the global population. This transformation entails shifting towards contemporary and efficient agricultural practices (Satterthwaite et al. 2010).

Crop production and productivity encounter substantial limitations on a global scale, which impose a substantial pressure on agriculture. Presently, Earth's global population is experiencing rapid growth, while crop yield is being increased at a more gradual pace. Consequently, the mission of ensuring sufficient sustenance for these swiftly expanding populations presents a considerable hurdle, primarily arising from the disparity between population growth rate and crop yield level (Tomlinson, 2013). This discrepancy's primary cause can be attributed to climate change's substantial impact and its resultant consequences. The assurance of global food security poses formidable challenges due to profound climatic fluctuations, diminishing arable land, and projected population increments to 8.6 billion by 2030 and 10 billion by 2050 (Tacoli, 2010).