A Comprehensive Analysis of Molecular Markers in Molecular Research

Zunaira Nadeem*, Ghulam Mustafa, Mubeen Abbas, Mommana Ch. and Nimra Shehzadi

Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Abstract

Recent developments in cellular and molecular genetics have opened up new genetic opportunities for advancement in the field of modern science, including the development of molecular markers. Molecular markers have been used as significant tools in agriculture and biomedical research for genetic relationship studies between individuals and hybrids, phylogenetic relationships among species, gene mapping, and tracking quantitative trait loci. During the past three decades, several molecular marker approaches have been developed and exploited in a variety of techniques throughout the world. However, only a handful of these techniques, namely RAFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, ISSRs, and SSRs, have gained widespread implementation. These markers can be broadly categorized into hybridization-based and PCR-based markers. The main focus is on analyzing how molecular markers have improved our perception of genetic variety and structure, enabling researchers to clarify complex evolutionary linkages and population dynamics. Furthermore, this review also covers the merits and demerits of molecular marker technology, highlighting the significance of integrating multiple marker types with progressive analytical techniques to provide robust and trustworthy results. As molecular marker technology continues to advance, its importance in evolving science and shaping numerous research disciplines will grow, paving the way for a more focused and individualized approach to addressing global challenges.