Abstract

Molecular markers, encompassing DNA sequences, serve as instrumental tools for the precise identification and targeted elucidation of nucleotide sequences or specific genes within the genomic framework. In the past, numerous conventional techniques such as biotyping, ribotyping, and protein analyses were used for the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases, but these techniques lacked precision and reliability. Thus, the discovery of molecular markers led to the use of these molecular markers in the early stages of disease detection. The article covers various molecular markers, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeats (SSR), inter-simple sequence repeat amplification (ISSR), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS), and sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).